SOC 100 Exam 2 Part 3

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An industrial society’s economy is largely based on

		manufacturing and industry
		information exchange and service jobs
		offshoring, downsizing, and the growth of multinational corporations
		all of the above

 

According to George Ritzer, calculability refers to

		replacing human labor with machines
		quantity over quality
		uniformity of the product
		streamlining the production process

 

The scientific management approach to bureaucratic organizations

		measures human dissatisfaction with organizational climate
		measures all aspects of the work process to eliminate inefficiencies
		emphasizes quantity over quality
		emphasizes people, communication, and participation

 

The process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making is called

		McDonaldization
		The Iron Law of Oligarchy
		The Hierarchy of Authority
		Goal Displacement

 

An ascribed social status is

		A status that dominates how people interact with an individual in a particular setting.
		A status that is assigned to an individual regardless of their unique talents or characteristics.
		A status that is within our power to change.
		A status that applies to only one social situation.

 

Which stage of the social construction of reality theory argues that ways of life have become solidified to the point where they seem “real” and therefore outside human creation?

 

		Bureaucratization
		Institutionalization
		Objectification
		Habituation

 

Certain index crime rates have decreased since 2004 in the U.S. What reason did we discuss in class?

		technological innovations such as surveillance cameras and burglar alarms
		increase in police budgets to provide the latest crime fighting equipment
		aging population
		all of the above

 

A college student is caught cheating on an exam and is brought before a college-wide disciplinary committee, which decides to expel the student from the school. The committee’s action is an example of

		positive sanctions
		labeling theory
		formal social control
		informal social control

 

Which of the following is the best example of a crime that is also a low-consensus norm in the United States today?

		underage drinking
		burglary
		cocaine use
		murder

 

Which of the following is the BEST example of primary deviance?

		Taylor gets court fines and probation for shoplifting
		Sara is caught stealing a car and arrested
		Tamara goes to jail for forging checks
		Brad runs naked across campus

 

 

According to Durkheim’s theory of crime and deviance

		crime and deviance are universal in all societies
		crime and deviance are defined by societies
		crime and deviance are functional for societies
		all of the above

 

 

Which of the following sanctions reflects informal social control?

		Miguel having to appear in court for driving under the influence of alcohol.
		Sammie getting a ticket for jaywalking.
		Tony being arrested for possession of marijuana.
		Maria laughing at Jesse because she likes opera.

 

 

Which of the following describes a class stratification system?

		Closed system where most people are peasants or nobles (royalty)
		Closed system where some people are owned by others
		Open system where social rank depends primarily on economic position
		Closed system based on hereditary religious rank that remains fixed and immobile

 

What is the definition of Marx’s concept of class consciousness?

		Attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect their objective position
		Set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps maintain status quo
		Awareness by members of a class of their common interests and the need for collective political action to bring about change
		All of the above

The federal calculation of the poverty line in the U.S. was created in which decade?

		1960s
		1970s
		1980s
		1990s

 

According to Weber, social class position affects your

		freedom
		caste
		life chances
		social mobility

 

According to the video on wealth distribution in the U.S., which of the following statements is true?

		When surveyed, most Americans accurately described the country’s distribution of income and wealth.
		Ideally, 9 out of 10 Americans surveyed believe the wealth distribution should be steeper than it currently is.
		Although the wealth is distributed unevenly among the five 20 percent quintiles in the U.S., the differences are minimal.
		The richest 1 percent own more of the nation’s wealth than 90 percent of Americans think the top 20 percent should have.

 

While income in the United States continues to be unevenly distributed, the degree of income inequality has declined significantly since 1970.

True

False

 

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the shrinking middle class?

		increase in nonunion workplaces
		the rise of heavy industry
		outsourcing of industrial jobs globally
		disappearing opportunities for people with little education

 

Which theory focuses on why certain people are defined as deviant while others are not?

		cultural transmission
		labeling theory
		control theory
		social disorganization theory

 

Beliefs can never be considered deviant.

True

False

 

What is the main purpose of victimization surveys?

		To confirm the findings of the FBI Uniform Crime Reports.
		To provide evidence in court about crimes that have not been prosecuted.
		To discredit false accusations from actual crimes.
		To provide more information about crime rates since some crimes are significantly underreported.

 

Which of the following does Weber consider a negative possible outcome of written rules and regulations?

		abuse of power
		goal displacement
		alienation
		inequality

 

Which of the following does Weber consider a negative possible outcome of the division of labor?

		goal displacement
		alienation
		inequality
		abuse of power

 

According to Durkheim, mechanical solidarity describes

		simple societies with a minimal division of labor
		complex societies characterized by mutual interdependence
		both of the above
		neither of the above